: The political and economic fragmentation of Europe fostered a competitive environment between and within states, driving innovation.

: Other civilizations have now successfully "downloaded" these six features, allowing countries like China to challenge Western supremacy.

: A combination of institutional frameworks and cultural values (often linked to the Protestant work ethic) provided the human capital necessary for sustained development. Current Status and Potential Decline

: Representative government and the protection of private property—distinct from autocratic rule—underpinned economic stability and the rise of corporations.

: He suggests the West is losing faith in its own heritage and institutions, potentially leading to a sudden demise rather than a slow transition.

: The Industrial Revolution and the subsequent birth of a consumer society drove global trade and economic growth.

Ferguson argues that the West's era of predominance may be ending:

Civilization The West & The Rest -

: The political and economic fragmentation of Europe fostered a competitive environment between and within states, driving innovation.

: Other civilizations have now successfully "downloaded" these six features, allowing countries like China to challenge Western supremacy. Civilization The West & the Rest

: Representative government and the protection of private property—distinct from autocratic rule—underpinned economic stability and the rise of corporations. Ferguson argues that the West's era of predominance

: He suggests the West is losing faith in its own heritage and institutions, potentially leading to a sudden demise rather than a slow transition.

: The Industrial Revolution and the subsequent birth of a consumer society drove global trade and economic growth.

Ferguson argues that the West's era of predominance may be ending:

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