The "Rum Millet" system under Ottoman occupation.
Moscow as the "Third Rome" and the expansion of the Russian Church.
Cultural and theological drifts between Rome and Constantinople. Istoria Biserici Ortodoxe
The rise of national autocephalous churches (e.g., Romanian, Serbian, Bulgarian). The severe impact of Soviet and Eastern Bloc communism. Summary of Orthodoxy's historical resilience. The Church's role in the contemporary world.
The breaking point of 1054 and the Fall of Constantinople (1453). The "Rum Millet" system under Ottoman occupation
was established during this time, defining the nature of the Holy Trinity.
The fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marked a major turning point. Istoria Biserici Ortodoxe
🏛️ Foundational Paper Text: The History of the Orthodox Church The Apostolic Foundation