Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other (provided they are on different chromosomes).

The semi-conservative process of copying the genome.

Deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations (where segments of chromosomes break and reattach elsewhere). 4. Molecular Foundations

Results in two genetically identical daughter cells (somatic growth).

Cytogenetics bridges the gap between cell biology and genetics by studying , the physical carriers of genetic material.

DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.

Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, defying independent assortment.

Having extra complete sets of chromosomes (common in plants).