: New regulations starting in 2031 will require specific recycled content for batteries, including 6% lithium and 16% cobalt [22]. Operational Challenges
: Unplanned provisions for severance programs at Volkswagen AG [12]. vw.zip
: Consistent at approximately 9.0 million units annually through 2024 and 2025 [16, 19]. Segment Highlights : New regulations starting in 2031 will require
: Higher fixed costs and adverse effects from U.S. tariffs [12, 28]. vw.zip
Performance varied significantly across Volkswagen’s brand groups in 2025 [28]: