Climate change acts as a "threat multiplier," displacing populations and damaging infrastructure in already fragile regions. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences - Amazon.com
Fulfill some expectations but perform poorly in others; they often suffer from corruption and deteriorating infrastructure. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
The extreme end of failure where a total vacuum of authority exists, and political goods are provided only by local, uncoordinated forces. 2. Primary Causes of State Failure Climate change acts as a "threat multiplier," displacing
State failure is rarely triggered by a single event but rather a combination of systemic issues: When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
Scholars like Robert Rotberg categorize states based on their performance in providing security and other "political goods":